A molecular sieve chinhu chine pores (maburi madiki) ehukuru hwakafanana.Aya madhayamita epore akafanana muhukuru kune mamorekuru madiki, uye nekudaro mamorekuru makuru haakwanise kupinda kana kushambadzwa, nepo mamorekuru madiki anogona.Sezvo musanganiswa wemamorekuru unofamba nepakati pemubhedha wakamira weporous, semi-solid substance inonzi seeve (kana matrix), izvo zvikamu zvehuremu hwepamusoro-soro (izvo zvisingakwanisi kupinda mumamolecular pores) kubva pamubhedha kutanga, achiteverwa nemamorekuru madiki anotevedzana.Mamwe masefa emamolecular anoshandiswa mukukura-kusabatanidzwa chromatography, nzira yekuparadzanisa inoronga mamorekuru zvichienderana nehukuru hwawo.Mamwe masieve e molecular anoshandiswa se desiccants (mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira activated charcoal uye silica gel).
Iyo pore diameter ye molecular sieve inopimwa ne ångströms (Å) kana nanometers (nm).Zvinoenderana neIUPAC notation, microporous materials ine pore diameters isingasviki 2 nm (20 Å) uye macroporous zvinhu zvine pore diameters inopfuura 50 nm (500 Å);iyo mesoporous category saka iri pakati ne pore diameters pakati pe 2 ne 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Zvishandiso
Masefa mamorekuru anogona kuva microporous, mesoporous, kana macroporous material.
Microporous zvinhu (
● Zeolites (aluminosilicate minerals, kwete kuvhiringidzwa nealuminium silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
● Girazi rinopinza: 10 Å (1 nm), uye kumusoro
● Active carbon: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), uye kumusoro
●Mavhu
● Montmorillonite intermixes
● Halloysite (endellite): Mafomu maviri akajairika anowanikwa, kana hydrated ivhu rinoratidza 1 nm spacing yezvikamu uye kana yapera mvura (meta-halloysite) nzvimbo inosvika 0.7 nm.Halloysite inongoitika semasilinda madiki ayo avhareji 30 nm muhupamhi nehurefu huri pakati pe0.5 ne10 micrometres.
Mesoporous zvinhu (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (inoshandiswa kugadzira silica gel): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Macroporous zvinhu (> 50 nm)
Macroporous silica, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Zvishandiso[edit]
Masefa mamorekuru anowanzo shandiswa muindasitiri yepetroleum, kunyanya pakuomesa gasi hova.Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemvura yakasikwa gasi (LNG), mvura yegasi inoda kudzikiswa kusvika pasi pe1 ppmv kudzivirira kuvharika kunokonzerwa neaizi kana methane clathrate.
Murabhoritari, ma molecular sieves anoshandiswa kuomesa solvent."Sieves" dzakaratidza kuva dzakakwirira kune tsika dzechinyakare dzekuomesa, dzinowanzoshandisa hutsinye desiccants.
Pasi pezwi rekuti zeolites, masieve mamorekuru anoshandiswa kune akasiyana siyana ekugadzirisa mashandisirwo.Ivo vanokonzeresa isomerisation, alkylation, uye epoxidation, uye inoshandiswa muhukuru hukuru maindasitiri maitiro, kusanganisira hydrocracking uye fluid catalytic kupaza.
Iwo anoshandiswawo mukusefa kwemidziyo yemhepo yemidziyo yekufema, semuenzaniso iyo inoshandiswa ne scuba divers uye vanodzima moto.Mumashandisirwo akadaro, mhepo inopihwa nemhepo compressor uye inopfuudzwa kuburikidza nekaturiji sefa iyo, zvichienderana nekushandiswa, yakazadzwa ne molecular sieve uye / kana activated kabhoni, pakupedzisira ichishandiswa kubhadharisa kufema matangi emhepo.Kusefa kwakadaro kunogona kubvisa zvikamu uye compressor exhaust zvigadzirwa kubva kumhepo yekufema.
FDA mvumo.
US FDA ine kubva muna Kubvumbi 1, 2012, yakabvumidza sodium aluminosilicate kuti ibatane zvakananga nezvinhu zvinodyiwa pasi pe21 CFR 182.2727.Iyi mvumo isati yapihwa iyi European Union yakanga yashandisa masefa emamolecular nemishonga uye ongororo yakazvimirira yakaratidza kuti masefa emamolecular anozadzisa zvese zvinodiwa nehurumende asi. indasitiri yanga isingadi kubhadhara mari yekuyedza inodhura yaidiwa kuti ibvumidzwe nehurumende.
Kuberekwa patsva
Nzira dzekuita patsva yemasefa mamorekuru dzinosanganisira shanduko yekumanikidza (semuokisijeni concentrators), kudziyisa uye kucheneswa negasi rinotakura (sezvakashandiswa mukupera kwe ethanol), kana kupisa pasi pevhayumu yakakwira.Tembiricha yekuzvarwa patsva inotangira pa175 °C (350 °F) kusvika pa315 °C (600 °F) zvichienderana nerudzi rwemolecular sieve.Kusiyana neizvi, silica gel inogona kuvandudzwa nekuipisa muovheni yenguva dzose kusvika 120 ° C (250 ° F) kwemaawa maviri.Nekudaro, mamwe marudzi esilica gel anozo "pop" kana akaiswa mumvura yakakwana.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutsemuka kwe silica spheres paunosangana nemvura.
| Model | Pore diameter (Ångström) | Kuwanda kwehuwandu (g/ml) | Adsorbed mvura (% w/w) | Usage | |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Desiccationyekuputika kwe petroleumgasi uye alkenes, yakasarudzika adsorption yeH2O mukatiinsulated girazi (IG)uye polyurethane, kuomeswa kwemafuta ethanolkusanganisa ne petrol. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Adsorption yemvura mukatisodium aluminosilicateiyo inotenderwa neFDA (onapazasi) inoshandiswa se molecular sieve mumidziyo yekurapa kuchengetedza zviri mukati zvakaoma uye sefood additivekuvaE-nhambaE-554 (anti-caking agent);Inofarirwa static dehydration mumvura yakavharwa kana gasi masisitimu, semuenzaniso, mukurongedza kwemishonga, zvinhu zvemagetsi uye zvinoparara makemikari;kutsvaira kwemvura mukudhinda nemapurasitiki masisitimu uye kuomesa nzizi dzehydrocarbon dzakazadzwa.Adsorbed marudzi anosanganisira SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, uye C3H6.Kazhinji inoonekwa seyakaomeswa yepasirese mupolar uye nonpolar media;[12]kupatsanurwa kwegasi rechisikigouyealkenes, adsorption yemvura mune isiri-nitrogen sensitivepolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Degreasing uye kudira point depression yendege parafiniuyedhiziri, uye alkenes kuparadzana |
| 5Å diki-inopfumiswa neokisijeni | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Zvakanyanya kugadzirirwa kurapwa kana hutano oxygen jenareta[citation inodiwa] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | Desiccation uye kucheneswa kwemhepo;kupera mvura mumuviriuyedesulfurizationzvegasi rechisikigo uyeliquid petroleum gasi;oxygenuyehydrogenproduction bypressure swing adsorptionprocess |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Yakanyanya-inoshanda sorption, inoshandiswa mu desiccation, decarburization, desulfurization yegasi uye zvinwiwa uye kupatsanuraanonhuwirira hydrocarbon |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Desiccation, desulfurization uye kucheneswa kwepetroleum gasi uye gasi rechisikigo |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Decarburizationuye deiccation mumhepo yekuparadzanisa indasitiri, kupatsanurwa kwenitrogen kubva kuokisijeni mune okisijeni concentrators |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Kutapira(kubviswa kwethiols) yemafuta endegeuye dzinoenderanamvura hydrocarbons |
Adsorption kugona
3Å
Mushonga wemakemikari: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Silica-aluminium chiyero: SiO2 / Al2O3≈2
Kugadzirwa
3A molecular sieves inogadzirwa ne cation exchange yepotassiumnokutisodiummu4A molecular sieves (Ona pazasi)
Usage
3Å masefa mamorekuru haashambadze mamorekuru ane madhayamita akakura kudarika 3 Å.Hunhu hwemasefa aya mamorekuru anosanganisira kukurumidza adsorption kukurumidza, kugona kudzoreredza nguva zhinji, kunaka kwekupwanya kuramba uye.kuramba kusvibiswa.Aya maitiro anogona kuvandudza zvese kushanda uye hupenyu hwesefa.3Å masefa mamorekuru ndiwo anodiwa desiccant mupetroleum nemakemikari maindasitiri ekunatsa oiri, polymerization, uye kemikari gasi-mvura kudzika kuomesa.
3Å molecular sieves anoshandiswa kuomesa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, sengeethanol, mweya,mafiriji,gasi rechisikigouyeunsaturated hydrocarbons.Iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira kuputika gasi,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneuyebutadiene.
3Å molecular sieve inoshandiswa kubvisa mvura mu ethanol, iyo inogona kuzoshandiswa zvakananga sebio-fuel kana zvisina kunanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana semakemikari, chikafu, mishonga, nezvimwe.Sezvo yakajairwa distillation haikwanise kubvisa mvura yese (isingadiwe byproduct kubva mukugadzirwa kwe ethanol) kubva kune ethanol process hova nekuda kwekuumbwa kweazeotropepayakakomberedza 95.6 muzana yekumisikidzwa nehuremu, mabhero emusefa anoshandiswa kupatsanura ethanol nemvura pachiyero chemocular nekuisa mvura mumabehero uye kubvumira ethanol kuti ipfuure zvakasununguka.Kana mabhero azara nemvura, tembiricha kana kudzvanywa kunogona kushandiswa, zvichibvumira mvura kuti isunungurwe kubva kune molecular sieve beads.[15]
3Å ma molecular sieves anochengeterwa pakamuri tembiricha, aine hunyoro husingapfuuri 90%.Iwo akaiswa chisimbiso pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakaderedzwa, kuchengetwa kure nemvura, acids uye alkalis.
4Å
Mushonga wekemikari: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Silicon-aluminium ratio: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Kugadzirwa
Kugadzirwa kwe4Å sieve kwakatwasanuka nekuti hakudi kudzvanyirira kwakanyanya kana tembiricha yakanyanya.Kazhinji aqueous mhinduro dzesodium silicateuyesodium aluminatezvinosanganiswa pa80 ° C.Chigadzirwa chakanyungudutswa chinoitwa "activated" ne "kubika" pa400 °C 4A masefa anoshanda seanotangira 3A uye 5A sefa kuburikidza.cation exchangeyesodiumnokutipotassium(ye3A) kanacalcium(ye5A)
Usage
Kuomesa zvinonyungudutsa
4Å masefa ma molecular anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuomesa zvinonyungudutsa murabhoritari.Vanokwanisa kutora mvura nemamwe mamorekuru ane dhayamita yakakosha isingasviki 4 Å akadai seNH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, uye C2H4.Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuomesa, kunatsa uye kucheneswa kwezvinwiwa uye magasi (zvakadai sekugadzirira argon).
Polyester agent additives[edit]
Masefa aya ma molecular anoshandiswa kubatsira ma detergents sezvo achikwanisa kugadzira mvura ine demineralized kuburikidzacalciumion exchange, bvisa uye kudzivirira kuiswa kwetsvina.Iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutsivaphosphorus.Iyo 4Å molecular sieve inoita basa guru kutsiva sodium tripolyphosphate serubatsiro rwe detergent kuitira kudzikisira kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwedetergent.Inogonawo kushandiswa seasipokugadzira agent uye mukatimushonga wemazino.
Kurapa tsvina inokuvadza
4Å molecular sieves inogona kuchenesa tsvina ye cationic marudzi akadaiammoniumions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ uye Cd2+.Nekuda kwekusarudzwa kwepamusoro kweNH4 + ivo vakaiswa zvakabudirira mumunda kurwisaeutrophicationuye zvimwe zvinokonzeresa munzira dzemvura nekuda kwekuwandisa ammonium ions.4Å masefa ma molecular akashandiswawo kubvisa heavy metal ions iripo mumvura nekuda kwemabasa emaindasitiri.
Zvimwe zvinangwa
Themetallurgical industry: kuparadzanisa mumiririri, kupatsanurwa, kubviswa kwebrine potassium,rubidium,cesium, nezvimwewo.
Petrochemical industry,catalyst,desiccant, adsorbent
Agriculture:ivhu conditioner
Mushonga: mutoro sirivhazeoliteantibacterial agent.
5Å
Mushonga wekemikari: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Silica-aluminium chiyero: SiO2 / Al2O3≈2
Kugadzirwa
5A molecular sieves inogadzirwa ne cation exchange yecalciumnokutisodiummu4A molecular sieves (Ona pamusoro)
Usage
Shanu-ångström(5Å) ma molecular sieves anowanzo shandiswa mupeturuindasitiri, kunyanya yekuchenesa gasi hova uye muchemistry laboratori yekuparadzanisamakemikariuye kuomesa maitiro ekutanga zvinhu.Iwo ane madiki pores eiyo chaiyo uye yunifomu saizi, uye anonyanya kushandiswa se adsorbent yemagasi uye zvinwiwa.
Five-ångström molecular sieves inoshandiswa kuomesagasi rechisikigo, pamwe chete nekuitadesulfurizationuyedecarbonationzvegasi.Inogonawo kushandiswa kuparadzanisa misanganiswa yeokisijeni, nitrogen nehydrogen, uye mafuta-wax n-hydrocarbons kubva kubranched uye polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Masefa mashanu-ångström mamorekuru anochengetwa patembiricha yemumba, aine ahunyoro hwehukamaisingasviki 90% mumadhibhodhi emakadhibhodhi kana kurongedza katoni.Masefa emu molecular haafaniri kuratidzwa zvakananga kumhepo nemvura, acids uye alkalis zvinofanira kudziviswa.
Morphology ye molecular sieves
Masieve mamorekuru anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana uye saizi.Asi spherical beads ane mukana pane mamwe maumbirwo sezvo achipa yakaderera pressure drop, anoshingirira attrition sezvo asina kana micheto yakapinza, uye ane simba rakanaka, kureva kuti pwanya simba rinodiwa per unit area yakakwirira.Mamwe mabeaded molecular sieves anopa yakaderera kupisa huwandu nekudaro kudzikira kwesimba zvinodiwa panguva yekuzvarwa patsva.
Imwe mukana wekushandisa mabeaded molecular sieves kuwanda kwehuwandu hunowanzo kukwira kupfuura mamwe maumbirwo, nekudaro kune imwechete adsorption inodiwa molecular sieve volume inodiwa ishoma.Saka paunenge uchiita de-bottlenecking, munhu anogona kushandisa beaded molecular sieves, kutakura zvakanyanya adsorbent muvhoriyamu imwechete, uye kudzivirira chero shanduko yemidziyo.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-18-2023
