Sefa yemamorekuru chinhu chine maburi (maburi madiki kwazvo) ane saizi yakaenzana. Madhayamita emaburi aya akafanana nemamamorekuru madiki, saka mamorekuru makuru haagone kupinda kana kunyudzwa, nepo mamorekuru madiki achigona. Sezvo musanganiswa wemamorekuru uchifamba nepamubhedha wechinhu chine maburi, chakapfava chinonzi sefa (kana matrix), zvikamu zvehuremu hwepamusoro hwemamorekuru (zvisingakwanise kupinda mumaburi emamorekuru) zvinotanga zvabuda pamubhedha, zvichiteverwa nemamorekuru madiki akatevedzana. Mamwe mamorekuru anosefa anoshandiswa mu chromatography yehukuru-kubvisa, nzira yekuparadzanisa iyo inoronga mamorekuru zvichienderana nehukuru hwawo. Mamwe mamorekuru anosefa anoshandiswa se desiccants (mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira activated charcoal uye silica gel).
Dhayamita yepore yemusefa wemolecular inoyerwa mu ångströms (Å) kana nanometers (nm). Sekureva kweIUPAC notation, zvinhu zvine pore dhayamita yepore iri pasi pe 2 nm (20 Å) uye zvinhu zvine pore dhayamita yepore iri kupfuura 50 nm (500 Å); saka chikamu che mesoporous chiri pakati nepakati nepore dhayamita iri pakati pe 2 ne 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Zvinhu
Masefa emamorekuru anogona kuva ane maburi madiki, mesoporous, kana maburi madiki.
Zvinhu zvine maburi madiki (
●Zeolites (zvicherwa zvealuminosilicate, zvisingafanirwe kuvhiringidzwa nearuminiyamu silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Girazi rine maburi: 10 Å (1 nm), zvichikwira
●Kabhoni inoshanda: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), zvichikwira
●Ivhu revhu
●Misanganiswa yeMontmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): Mhando mbiri dzinowanikwa, kana ivhu riine mvura, ivhu rinoratidza 1 nm spacing yezvikamu uye kana rapera mvura (meta-halloysite) spacing yacho i0.7 nm. Halloysite inongoitika sema cylinders madiki ane avhareji ye30 nm mudhayamita nehurefu huri pakati pe0.5 ne10 micrometers.
Zvinhu zvinopenya (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (inoshandiswa kugadzira silica gel): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Zvinhu zvine mapopo madiki (>50 nm)
Macroporous silica, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Mashandisirwo [gadzirisa]
Masefa emamorekuru anowanzo shandiswa muindasitiri yepeturu, kunyanya pakuomesa nzizi dzegasi. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yegasi rechisikigo remvura (LNG), huwandu hwemvura mugasi hunofanira kuderedzwa kusvika pasi pe1 ppmv kudzivirira kuvharika kunokonzerwa nechando kana methane clathrate.
Murabhoritari, masipo emolecular anoshandiswa kuomesa solvent. "Masipo" aratidza kuti akanakisa pane nzira dzechinyakare dzekuomesa, idzo dzinowanzo shandisa mishonga inobvisa tsvina.
Pasi peshoko rekuti zeolites, ma "molecular seeves" anoshandiswa pakuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana e "catalytic applications". Anobatsira pa "isomerisation", "alkylation", uye "epoxidation", uye anoshandiswa mumaindasitiri makuru, kusanganisira hydrocracking uye "fluid catalytic cracking".
Dzinoshandiswawo mukusefa mweya wekushandisa mumidziyo yekufema, semuenzaniso iyo inoshandiswa nevaya vanonyura mumvura nevanodzima moto. Mukushandiswa kwakadaro, mweya unopihwa necompressor yemhepo uye unopfuudzwa nefirita ye cartridge iyo, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwayo, inozadzwa nesipo yemolecular uye/kana activated carbon, pakupedzisira inoshandiswa kuchaja matangi emhepo yekufema. Kusefa kwakadaro kunogona kubvisa zvidimbu uye zvigadzirwa zve compressor exhaust kubva mumhepo yekufema.
Kubvumidzwa neFDA.
Sangano reUS FDA kubva muna Kubvumbi 1, 2012, rakabvumidza sodium aluminosilicate kuti ibatane zvakananga nezvinhu zvinodyiwa pasi pe21 CFR 182.2727. Pamberi pekubvumidzwa uku, European Union yakashandisa ma molecular seeves ane mishonga uye bvunzo dzakazvimirira dzakaratidza kuti ma molecular seeves anosangana nezvinodiwa nehurumende asi indasitiri iyi yakanga isingade kubhadhara mari yekuyedza kunodhura kwaidiwa kuti hurumende itende.
Kuzvarwa patsva
Nzira dzekugadzirisazve ma "molecular seeves" dzinosanganisira kuchinja kumanikidzwa (sekunge mune oxygen concentrators), kupisa uye kuchenesa negasi rinotakura (sekunge panoshandiswa mu ethanol dehydration), kana kupisa pasi pe "high vacuum". Tembiricha dzekugadzirisazve dzinotangira pa175 °C (350 °F) kusvika pa315 °C (600 °F) zvichienderana nerudzi rwe "molecular seeve". Kusiyana neizvi, silica gel inogona kugadziriswazve nekuipisa muovheni yenguva dzose kusvika pa120 °C (250 °F) kwemaawa maviri. Zvisinei, mamwe marudzi e silica gel "anoputika" kana akaiswa mumvura yakakwana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutyoka kwe "silica spheres" kana yasangana nemvura.
| Muenzaniso | Dhayamita yeburi (Ångström) | Kuwanda kwehuwandu (g/ml) | Mvura inonyungudika (% w/w) | Kushandiswa | |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Kucheneswa kwemvurayekutsemuka kwepeturugasi uye alkenes, kusvetwa kweH2O mugirazi rakadzivirirwa (IG)uye polyurethane, kuomeswa kwemafuta e-ethanolyekusanganisa nepeturu. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Kunyudzwa kwemvura musodium aluminosilicateiyo yakatenderwa neFDA (onapazasi) inoshandiswa sesefa yemamorekuru mumidziyo yekurapa kuchengetedza zviri mukati zvakaoma uye sechinowedzera chikafukuva neNhamba yeEE-554 (chinhu chinodzivirira kuchekwa); Chinoshandiswa pakuderedza mvura mumuviri (static dehydration) mumasisitimu emvura kana magasi akavharwa, semuenzaniso, mumapakeji emishonga, zvikamu zvemagetsi uye makemikari anogona kuora; kubvisa mvura mumasisitimu ekudhinda nemapurasitiki uye kuomesa mvura ine hydrocarbon. Mhando dzinonyungudika dzinosanganisira SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, uye C3H6. Kazhinji inoonekwa sechinhu chinoomesa muviri munzvimbo dzepolar nedzisiri polar;[12]kupatsanurwa kwegasi rechisikigouyealkenes, kunyudzwa kwemvura munzvimbo dzisinganyanyi kubatwa nenitrogenpolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Kuderedza mafuta uye kudzikamisa poindi yemafutandege parafiniuyedhiziri, uye kupatsanurwa kwealkenes |
| 5Å ine okisijeni diki | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Yakagadzirirwa kugadzira okisijeni yekurapa kana ine hutano[kudiwa kwechirevo] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | Kucheneswa kwemhepo nekuchenesa mweya;kupera mvura mumuviriuyekubviswa kwesulfurizationgasi rechisikigo uyegasi remafuta emvura;okisijeniuyehaidrojenikugadzirwa nakudzvanywa kwemhepo inodzvanywamaitiro |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Kusveta kunoshanda zvakanyanya, kunoshandiswa pakusviba, kubvisa kabhoni, kubvisa sarufa yegesi nezvinwiwa uye kupatsanurwa kwehydrocarbon inonhuhwirira |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Kubvisa tsvina, kubvisa sarufa uye kucheneswa kwegasi repeturu negasi rechisikigo |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Kubvisa kabhoni mumafutauye kuomeswa kwemvura muindasitiri yekuparadzanisa mhepo, kuparadzaniswa kwenitrogen kubva kuoxygen mu oxygen concentrators |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Kutapira(kubviswa kwethiols) yemafuta endegeuye zvinoenderanamahydrocarbon emvura |
Kugona kweAdsorption
3Å
Fomura yemakemikari inofungidzirwa: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Chiyero cheSilica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Kugadzirwa
3. Masefa emamorekuru anogadzirwa nekuchinjana kwe cationpotasiumyesodiummumasefa e4A molecular (Ona pazasi)
Kushandiswa
Masefa e3Å molecular haadyi mamorekuru ane dhayamita yakakura kupfuura 3Å. Hunhu hwemasefa aya emorekuru hunosanganisira kukurumidza kuadyoptera, kugona kudzoreredza zvinhu nguva nenguva, kuramba kupwanya zvakanaka uyekuramba kusvibiswa. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye hupenyu hwesefa. 3Å molecular seeves ndiyo desiccant inodiwa mumaindasitiri epetroleum nemakemikari ekuchenesa mafuta, polymerization, uye makemikari gasi-liquid kuomesa kudzika.
Masefa e3Å molecular anoshandiswa kuomesa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita seethanol, mhepo,mafiriji,gasi rechisikigouyemahydrocarbon asina kugutaZvekupedzisira zvinosanganisira gasi rinopwanyika,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneuyebutadiene.
3Å molecular sieve inoshandiswa kubvisa mvura kubva mu ethanol, iyo inogona kuzoshandiswa zvakananga se bio-fuel kana zvisina kunanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semakemikari, chikafu, mishonga, nezvimwewo. Sezvo kudirwa kwakajairika kusingakwanise kubvisa mvura yese (chinhu chisingadiwe kubva mukugadzirwa kwe ethanol) kubva munzizi dze ethanol nekuda kwekuumbwa kweazeotropePahuremu hwe 95.6 muzana, mabhesi esipo emolecular anoshandiswa kuparadzanisa ethanol nemvura padanho remamorekuru nekupinza mvura mumabhesi uye kubvumira ethanol kuti ipfuure zvakasununguka. Kana mabhesi azara nemvura, tembiricha kana kumanikidzwa zvinogona kugadziriswa, zvichiita kuti mvura ibude mumabhesi esipo emolecular.[15]
Masefa e3Å molecular anochengetwa patembiricha yemumba, nehunyoro husingapfuuri 90%. Anovharwa kana akaderedzwa kumanikidzwa, achichengetedzwa kure nemvura, acids uye alkalis.
4Å
Fomura yemakemikari: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Chiyero chesilicon-aluminium: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Kugadzirwa
Kugadzirwa kwesipo ye4Å kuri nyore nekuti hakudi kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kana tembiricha yakakwira. Kazhinji mvura inobuda mumvurasodium silicateuyesodium aluminatezvinosanganiswa pa80 °C. Chigadzirwa chakanyungudutswa chino "shanda" ne "kubika" pa400 °C. Masefa e4A anoshanda senzira yekutangira masefa e3A ne5A kuburikidzakuchinjana kwenzvimboyesodiumyepotasium(ye3A) kanakarusiyamu(ye5A)
Kushandiswa
Zvinonyungudutsa kuomesa
4Å mamorekuru sieves anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuomesa zvinonyungudutsa murabhoritari. Anogona kunwisa mvura nemamwe mamorekuru ane dhayamita iri pasi pe4Å akadai seNH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, uye C2H4. Anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuomesa, kunatsa uye kuchenesa zvinwiwa nemagasi (sekugadzira argon).
Zvinowedzerwa zvepolyester[gadzirisa]
Masefa aya emolecular anoshandiswa kubatsira sipo sezvo achigona kugadzira mvura isina mineral kuburikidza nekarusiyamukuchinjana kwemaion, kubvisa nekudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwetsvina. Anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutsivaphosphorus. Sipo ye4Å molecular ine basa guru rekutsiva sodium tripolyphosphate semushonga wekusimbisa sipo kuitira kuderedza kukanganiswa kwesipo nezvakatipoteredza. Inogonawo kushandiswa semushonga wekudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere.sipomumiriri wekugadzira uye mumushonga wemazino.
Kurapa marara ane njodzi
Masefa e4Å molecular anogona kuchenesa tsvina yetsvina yemhando dze cationic dzakadai seamoniyamumaion, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ uye Cd2+. Nekuda kwekusarudza kwakanyanya kweNH4+, anoshandiswa zvinobudirira muhondo.eutrophicationuye zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nekufamba kwemvura nekuda kwemaion akawandisa eammonium. 4Å molecular seeves dzakashandiswawo kubvisa maion esimbi anorema ari mumvura nekuda kwemabasa emaindasitiri.
Zvimwe zvinangwa
Iyoindasitiri yesimbi: chinhu chinoparadzanisa, kupatsanura, kuburitsa potassium yemunyu,rubidium,cesium, nezvimwewo.
Indasitiri yePetrochemical,kataviridzi,mushonga wekubvisa vhudzi, inonyungudutsa
Kurima:chitonhodzi chevhu
Mushonga: sirivha ine mutorozeolitemushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya.
5Å
Fomura yemakemikari: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Chiyero cheSilica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Kugadzirwa
5. Masefa emamorekuru anogadzirwa nekuchinjana kwe cationkarusiyamuyesodiummumasefa e4A molecular (Ona pamusoro)
Kushandiswa
Shanu-ångström(5Å) masefa emamorekuru anowanzo shandiswa mupeturuindasitiri, kunyanya yekuchenesa nzizi dzegasi uye murabhoritari yemakemikari yekuparadzanisamishongauye zvinhu zvekutanga zvinoita kuti mvura iome. Zvine maburi madiki ane saizi chaiyo uye yakafanana, uye zvinonyanya kushandiswa semushonga wekupisa magasi nemvura.
Masefa e-5-ångström molecular anoshandiswa kuomesagasi rechisikigo, pamwe chete nekuitakubviswa kwesulfurizationuyekubvisa kabhoniDzinogonawo kushandiswa kupatsanura musanganiswa weokisijeni, nitrogen nehydrogen, uye mafuta-wax n-hydrocarbons kubva kumahydrocarbon ane branched uye polycyclic.
Masefa e5-ångström molecular anochengetwa patembiricha yemumba, nehunyoropasi pe90% mumabhokisi emakadhibhodhi kana mumabhokisi emakatoni. Masipo emamorekuru haafanirwe kusvikwa zvakananga mumhepo nemvura, asidhi nealkali zvinofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Maitiro emasefa emamorekuru
Masefa emamorekuru anowanikwa muchimiro chakasiyana uye saizi dzakasiyana. Asi mabhora akatenderera ane mukana wepamusoro pemamwe maumbirwo sezvo achideredza kudzvanywa, haapindi nekuti haana mipendero yakapinza, uye ane simba rakanaka, kureva kuti simba rekupwanya rinodiwa pachikamu chimwe nechimwe rakakwira. Mamwe masefa emamorekuru ane mabheya anopa simba shoma rekupisa saka simba rinodiwa rinoderedza panguva yekugadziriswazve.
Imwe mukana wekushandisa ma "beaded molecular seeves" ndeyekuti huwandu hwe "bulk density" hunowanzo kuve hwakakwira kupfuura mamwe maumbirwo, saka kuti pave ne "adsorption" imwe chete, huwandu hwe "molecular seeving" hunodiwa hushoma. Saka paunenge uchibvisa mabhodhoro, munhu anogona kushandisa ma "beaded molecular seeves", kuisa "adsorbent" yakawanda muhuwandu humwe chete, uye kudzivirira chero shanduko dzemidziyo.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-18-2023
